Looking At Womens Sexuality In Cane English Literature Essay

Taking a gander At Womens Sexuality In Cane English Literature Essay The Harlem Renaissance was a timespan when the African American workmanship and culture began to flourish. This timeframe numerous African American individuals began feeling more acclimatized with American culture then previously. The movement from the stifled south toward the north is the thing that introduced the Harlem Renaissance period. This was likewise a period where African Americans had let down their hindrances which thusly prepared for the way of life to come through. All things considered, many individuals of color needed to experience testing times. A large number of the southern blacks needed to manage racial beatings and lynching. The creator who truly drew a striking image of the lives of southern individuals of color was Jean Toomer. Toomer composed his well known novel Cane toward the start of the Harlem Renaissance which further propelled other African American craftsman. In Cane, Toomer utilizes dynamic symbolism of Georgia and imagery to show the lives of souther n individuals of color. His accounts Portrait in Georgia and Georgia Dusk notice lynchings that white individuals use in endeavor to show individuals of color who the incredible race is. Different stories like Song of the Son and Cotton Song reverberation the previous history of subjugation. One unmistakable topic that is by all accounts important in Cane is sexuality, or all the more noticeably dark womens sexuality. In the principal story Karintha, Toomer recounts a young lady who Men had consistently wanted㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦even as a kid (Toomer 1). The desire of Karintha at a youthful age was one so enticing that considerably more established men wanted for youth so they would get an opportunity with her. This progressions however when She played home with a little kid who was not reluctant to do her offering (Toomer 1). This line appears to suggest that Karintha wedded a man who could give certain things to her. Further lines that discussion about the elderly people men who help Karintha to remember when they use to crave her, makes reference to that she Smiles, and humors them when she is in the disposition for it, which bolsters that Karintha has transformed into a whore. This is likewise obvious when Toomer clarifies: The consideration given to Karintha was just utilized for her sexuality. At last, the desire for Karintha dehumanized her reality and The spirit of her was a developing thing matured too early (Toomer 2). This statement fortifies the possibility of Karintha being a whore. From these activities it could likewise be inferred that Karintha had a stillborn infant when Toomer composes But Karintha is a lady, and she has had a youngster. A kid dropped out of her belly onto a bed of pine-needles in the timberland (Toomer 2). Toward the start of this story, Toomer shows the guiltlessness of a youthful Karintha, he at that point differentiated that to a more established utilized Karintha. Another story Carma is about a dark lady who is solid as any man (Toomer 10). Carmas indiscriminate sexuality is the thing that at last terrains her significant other in a group of convicts. The story proceeds to clarify that Carma has an extramarital illicit relationship She had others. Nobody censures her for that (Toomer 11). She probably won't be accused for that, yet she is accused after her better half gets some answers concerning the issue. This prompts Carma shooting herself to acquire compassion from him. This never really outrage her better half who states Twice hoodwinked, and one double dealing demonstrated the other, at that point slaughters a man close to him (Toomer 11). Toomer depicts Carma as to some degree a she fallen angel for her indiscriminate sexuality that enrages her significant other who winds up serving his time. Toomer shows something contrary to the sexual wantonness in the last two stories with Fern. Plant is a dark lady whose body is sexualized by other men yet she intentionally stays a virgin. While men believed that Ferns eyes said to them that she was simple, truly she didn't feel obliged to fulfill their requirements. Men could hardly imagine how she would not have them and A kind of odd notion crawled into their cognizance of her being some way or another above them. Being above them implied that she was not to be drawn closer by anybody. She turned into a virgin (Toomer 14). It the story it says that while being a virgin is typical, not having any desire to duplicate isn't and that dark people were made to mate (Toomer 15). It could be accepted that Fern is depicted as a Madonna, which would harmonize with a line in another of Toomers stories that makes reference to a Negress who drew a representation of a dark Madonna on the town hall divider (Toomer 21). After the storyteller inve st energy with Fern, he separates the genuine Fern who wound up blacking out in his arms. The men in the town find out about this and the storyteller is given messy looks since they felt he had here and there undermined their dark Madonna. Toomer utilizes distinctive pictures of the scene in the story. Toward the end, he associates Fern with the point by point scene. Toomers next story Esther, is an about a dark young lady who resembles a little white youngster (Toomer 20). Through the story Esther gravely needs to relate herself to the dark culture however thinks that its hard in light of the fact that she is lighter and her father is the most extravagant individual of color around. Esther in not depicted as a dark flirt like in different stories in Cane; she is considered not appealing. Esther fantasies about being acknowledged into the dark culture. In one, she dreams there is a fire in the town which could be viewed as an allegory for her longing. At the point when the fire begins the ladies hurry every which way leaving Esther with an infant who is Black, marked, wooly, tobacco-juice infant revolting. When held to her bosom, extraordinary thing: its breath is sweet and its lips can snack (Toomer 22). This can be deciphered as Esther believing that she needs a darker looking child to feel less fair looking. While the individuals in her fantas y may consider the to be as terrible, she considers it to be her attach to darker skin, overlooking her own shading. Esther realizes that men don't see her and even says I dont advance to them. I wonder why (Toomer 22). This is the point at which her fixation on a dark man named Barlo starts since it encourages her overlook she is lighter. She needs to offer herself to Barlo so she will have the option to consider her darker looking kid she had longed for, consequently getting increasingly obscured. When Barlo comes back to town she tries to meet him up close and personal to give her body to him which doesn't end up being great as he perceives her lighter skin tone. With the bombed dissatisfaction Esther reveals to herself The idea comes abruptly, that origination with a tanked man must be a strong sin (Toomer 25). Her fantasies to duplicate with Barlo fizzled, she turns out to be totally free. Toward the finish of this story, the town vanishes alongside her fantasies. While the men in African American culture made a decent attempt to escape from the view that white individuals had, accepting individuals of color to be over sexualized creatures, Toomer depicted his dark ladies similarly as that. While there has been a social disgrace encompassing the deception that African American ladies are over sexualized, a portion of the narratives, for example, Karintha, Carma, and Fern never really ruin that conviction. In all actuality, this was not a more grounded subject in these accounts that lynching or subjugation was. That being stated, the Harlem Renaissance period was when white individuals had begun to see African American craftsmanship and Toomer attempted to precisely show the genuine existences of African Americans in Cane.

Tyger Anthology Poem free essay sample

The sonnet starts with the speaker soliciting a fearsome tiger what kind from divine being could have made it: â€Å"What undying hand or eye/Could outline they frightful balance? † Each ensuing refrain contains further inquiries, all of which refine this initial one. From what some portion of the universe could the tiger’s searing eyes have come, and who might have set out to deal with that fire? What kind of physical nearness, and what sort of dull craftsmanship, would have been required to â€Å"twist the sinews† of the tiger’s heart? The speaker considers how, when that loathsome heart â€Å"began to beat,† its maker would have had the boldness to proceed with the activity. Contrasting the maker with a metal forger, he contemplates about the blacksmith's iron and the heater that the undertaking would have required and the smith who could have used them. What's more, when the activity was done, the speaker ponders, how might the maker have felt? â€Å"Did he grin his work to see? † Could this be the equivalent being who made the sheep? Structure The sonnet is contained six quatrains in rhymed couplets. We will compose a custom paper test on Tyger Anthology Poem or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The meter is ordinary and cadenced, its pounding beat reminiscent of the smithy that is the poem’s focal picture. The straightforwardness and flawless extents of the sonnets structure superbly suit its customary structure, where a series of inquiries all add to the verbalization of a solitary, focal thought. Discourse The initial inquiry establishes what will be the single emotional motion of the sonnet, and each ensuing verse explains on this origination. Blake is expanding on the customary thought that nature, similar to a gem, should somehow or another contain an impression of its maker. The tiger is strikingly wonderful yet likewise horrendous in its ability for savagery. What sort of a God, at that point, could or would plan such a startling brute as the tiger? In increasingly broad terms, what does the obvious presence of malice and brutality on the planet inform us concerning the idea of God, and I don't get it's meaning to experience a daily reality such that a being can without a moment's delay contain both excellence and ghastliness? The tiger at first shows up as a strikingly arousing picture. Be that as it may, as the sonnet advances, it assumes an emblematic personality, and comes to encapsulate the otherworldly and good issue the sonnet investigates: superbly lovely but then flawlessly ruinous, Blake’s tiger turns into the representative place for an examination concerning the nearness of shrewdness on the planet. Since the tiger’s noteworthy nature exists both in physical and moral terms, the speaker’s inquiries concerning its inception should likewise include both physical and good measurements. The poem’s arrangement of inquiries over and again pose to what kind of physical inventive limit the â€Å"fearful symmetry† of the tiger bespeaks; assumedly just an exceptionally solid and ground-breaking being could be able to do such a creation. The smithy speaks to a conventional picture of aesthetic creation; here Blake applies it to the heavenly making of the characteristic world. The â€Å"forging† of the tiger proposes a physical, arduous, and purposeful sort of making; it underlines the amazing physical nearness of the tiger and blocks that such a creation could have been in any capacity coincidentally or indiscriminately delivered. It likewise proceeds from the primary portrayal of the tiger the symbolism of fire with its concurrent implications of creation, sanitization, and decimation. The speaker feels overwhelmed by the tiger as a sheer physical and stylish accomplishment, even as he pulls back with dismay from the ethical ramifications of such a creation; for the sonnet addresses not just the topic of who could make such an animal as the tiger, yet who might play out this demonstration. This is an issue of imaginative obligation and of will, and the artist cautiously incorporates this ethical inquiry with the thought of physical force. Note, in the third verse, the parallelism of â€Å"shoulder† and â€Å"art,† just as the way that it isn't only the body yet additionally the â€Å"heart† of the tiger that is being produced. The rehashed utilization of word the â€Å"dare† to supplant the â€Å"could† of the primary refrain presents a component of desire and persistence into the sheer may of the imaginative demonstration. The reference to the sheep in the penultimate verse reminds the peruser that a tiger and a sheep have been made by a similar God, and brings up issues about the ramifications of this. It additionally welcomes a difference between the points of view of â€Å"experience† and â€Å"innocence† spoke to here and in the oem â€Å"The Lamb. † â€Å"The Tyger† comprises totally of unanswered inquiries, and the artist leaves us to amazement at the unpredictability of creation, the sheer size of God’s power, and the enigma of perfect will. The point of view of involvement with this sonnet includes a modern affirmation of what is unexplainable known to man, introducing malevolent as the prime case of something that can't be denied, yet won't withstand simple clarification, either. The open stunningness of â€Å"The Tyger† diverges from the simple certainty, in â€Å"The Lamb,† of a child’s guiltless confidence in a kind universe.

5 Best Link Building Tactics for Newbies

5 Best Link Building Tactics for Newbies Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!5 Best Link Building Tactics for NewbiesUpdated On 21/04/2018Author : Mudita JhaTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://bit.ly/2JfhSSK CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogThe fundament of Blogging is Link Building!If you aspire to be a good blogger, link building is one of the basic Search Engine optimization technique which you must know. Gone are the days when good quality articles or buying tons of links via spam methods used to help in that. With technology advancing every moment, we got to up our technical knowledge at an equal pace. Today I will be sharing 5 best link building tactics for newbie bloggers. So, let’s get straight into it!Guest Blog PostsGuest blogging is one of the oldest and genuine link building techniques. Look out for high-quality blogs and websites which have good reader base and engagement so that your content reaches to maximum people. My suggesti on here would be to not indulge in low-quality or plagiarized/duplicate posts as Google detects them and penalizes the blog under spammy link building techniques.Create infographicsUp your designing skills a bit to make your blog more attractive and readable. It acts as a great link-bait as visual content are crisp, precise hence catch attention easily. One suggestion here is to never steal/use infographics from other blogs. If you want to use, give proper credits under the picture else it takes credibility from your blog. And I’m sure you don’t want that!Ego BaitEgo bait refers to the content that boosts the Ego of other people. It is done by featuring people in your blogs which leads to featured people sharing your blog further. It gets you more traffic and an increased amount of regular reader base. Plus, you may achieve good relationships with them. And networking always helps!But one thing you should keep in your mind that this method doesn’t increase your traffic drastic ally unless you are Your Story or Forbes!READShowcase Your Blog Posts Using StumbleUponMake use of Social Media LinksSocial media marketing is one of the latest link building techniques which can give you traffic on regular basis. For this you have to build your social media accounts like Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, Pinterest etc. with the same theme. You can do following things:Connect your social media channels to your website via the social profile link section.As discussed above, build your social media channels around the same theme as your blog to get the relevant reader base for your blogs. One good thing here is that this reader base will be loyal to you and shall provide regular traffic to your blog or website.Stay active on these social media channels and post regular updates. Ideally 1-3 posts on Instagram and Facebook page or group daily and 3-10 daily tweets on Twitter.Work on internal linking of your blogBetter internal linking on your blog makes it more useful for y our readers. Plus, it keeps the readers engaged on your blog for more time than before. Plus, if you offer a newsletter to your readers, this would also result in more chance for the readers subscribing to your newsletter. It is a great SEO practice which would help your link building in longer run!These are my personal link building methods and tips which I have been using since a while and I’m sure this is going to help you out too. Let me know in the comment section about your views on these tips and your personal tips too. Happy Blogging!

The Three Major Philosophies Established During the 1900s...

While discontent increased during the 1900s three major philosophies were established. The three major philosophies that were established were socialism, communism, and fascism. Socialism was never officially promoted, but the Bolsheviks, the elite group when Lenin was in power in Russia, thought socialism could be achieved by moderate reforms such as higher wages, increased suffrage, and social welfare. Communism was promoted by Lenin, his successor, and Stalin. Lenin developed the New Economic Policy, or NEP. Lenin just saw the New Economic Policy as a temporary retreat from communism. His successor put the Soviet Union back on the road to â€Å"pure† communism. Stalin developed Five-Year Plans while the Soviet Union developed a command†¦show more content†¦They developed communism because they desired to end capitalism because they felt as though it led to the exploitation of workers. Communist philosophies influenced Lenin and Stalin. Fascism was originally develo ped by Benito Mussolini, in 1919 when he organized the fascist party. The fascist party officially gained power in 1922 when Benito Mussolini was appointed to prime minister by King Victor Emmanuel after the â€Å"March on Rome.† Mussolini developed fascism because he began to reject socialist ideas for intense nationalism. In summary communism was developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and fascism was developed by Benito Mussolini. The philosophies differed because of the different actions leaders had done. From a communist point of view Lenin and Stalin did a lot. Lenin improved education dramatically, he opened up education for everyone and within 15 years the literacy rate increased by 70%. As from a political standpoint, Lenin helped the Bolsheviks rise to power. The Bolsheviks were responsible quickly seizing power in other cities. The Bolsheviks ended private ownership of land and distributed land to peasants. The Bolsheviks gave workers control of theS how MoreRelatedEssay on Intro to Human Services1296 Words   |  6 Pagesservices from the early 1900s to the present day. 2 Throughout History Human Services made a big impact and a difference in our society as we know it today. Through the sociological era in the 1900s many were faced with challenges such as financial support for the poor and no support or guidance for the children, developmentally disabled and the mentally ill. Human Services make positive and lasting differences in peoples lives, and they help improve the world. The early 1900s, sometimes calledRead MoreHistory of the U.S. Health Care Delivery System1169 Words   |  5 Pagesthoroughly comprehend the three developmental eras of the health care system. The evolution of our current health care system began in 1850, and has metamorphosed in three time periods, 1850 to 1900, 1900 to World War II (WW II), and WW II to 2009. Significant distinct and overlapping trends in disease prevalence, availability of health care resources, social organizations, and the publics knowledge and perception of health and illness and technology. Disease Prevalence 1850 - 1900: Epidemics of AcuteRead MoreHistorical Development of Nursing Timeline1181 Words   |  5 PagesDeaconess movement founded several nursing schools and hospitals in the US at the same time as the Nightingale movement was established Roux amp; Halstead, 2009. Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale the founder of modern nursing started her nursing career in 1850s after obtaining education in Germany. In 1854 was back in England working at a small hospital. During this time Crimea war was ongoing and â€Å"Nightingale was appalled to learn that the mortality rate for British troops was 41 percent†Read MoreComparison: William Jennings Bryan Theodore Roosevelt593 Words   |  3 Pageshistory of great leaders who, collectively, have possessed an even wider range of religious and political convictions. Perhaps not unexpectedly, their beliefs have often been in conflict with one another, both during coinciding eras, as well as over compared generations. The individual philosophies of William Jennings Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, with regard to America’s roles in world affairs and foreign diplomacy; are both varied and conflicted. Despite those conflicts however, eachRead MoreProtein Steroid Management Of Patients With A Normal Hyp othalamic Pituitary Axis Essay1638 Words   |  7 Pageshormonal status and also ensure there is no disruption in that balance postoperatively. For more than half a decade the meticulous administration of steroid perioperatively has become common place. Today, however, the old philosophies are being challenged and new philosophies pioneered creating a paradigm shift in the way we manage patient requiring an operation around the sellar region, in particular pituitary surgery. CASE A 47 year old hypertensive male presented to the outpatient departmentRead MoreThe Buddhist Religion And Its Move Into America1175 Words   |  5 Pagesis a way to overcome our desire and greed, and lastly the path to happiness and relief of suffering is an eight step process. There are three qualities to maintain this enlightened status: wisdom, mental discipline and ethical conduct. Unlike most Western religions, there are not a lot of rules and regulations in the Buddhist religion, however there are three fundamental principles upon which the religion is based. Buddha which is the finding the path of enlightenment and teaching it to othersRead MoreA Theory Based On The Art Of Loving, Albert Rogers, And Maslow1630 Words   |  7 Pagessomething unique. My theoretical view is based around the foundation and work of three theorist; Fromm, Rogers, and Maslow. Each individual presented a unique aspect, idea, or theory that was instrumental to the construction of my own. It does n ot have a working title but I can tell you that it most definitely has a purpose and a set of ideals that I believe will and can improve the lives of many. My theory is based upon three distinct principles and many minor tidbits. The first is Maslow’s hierarchyRead MoreThe System of Government Fascism Essay examples1740 Words   |  7 Pagesupheaval, the devastation of World War I, and the Bolshevik Revolution. Fascism is a philosophy or a system of government the advocates or exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with an ideology of aggressive nationalism. Celebrating the nation or the race as an organic community surpassing all other loyalties. This right-wing philosophy will even advocate violent action to maintain this loyalty which is held in such highRead MoreA Case Study On Homosexuality1303 Words   |  6 Pagesalong the way, and how we as a society look at homosexuality today. Homosexuality is the sexual attraction to people of ones’ own sex. Until this identity was â€Å"established† there was a massive multitude of various same-sex practices and activities within different cultures spread throughout the entire world. In Greece, it was very common during the 5th century B.C. it was very common for older men and young boys to share a very sexual and intimate relationship with one another. To the Greeks, genderRead MoreEducation : The United States1654 Words   |  7 Pageswill secure that Americans continue to prosper for many years to come. The first schools that trace down to history began during when the 13 colonies began in the 17th century. The Boston Latin School was the first public school opened in the United States, in 1635. To this day, it rests as the nation’s oldest public school. In the South, public schools were not usual during the 1600s and the early 1700s. Public Schooling in the South was not spread throughout the country until the Reconstruction

On The Pulse Of Morning Essay - 1041 Words

Both Harper Lee, in her 1959 novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, and Maya Angelou, in her 1993 poem, â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning,† induce profound claims on society and prejudice. Despite the notion that the authors wrote this prose over thirty years apart, both Lee and Angelou exhort society into ameliorating their ideologies and claim that despite people’s differences, humanity can accomplish celebrated triumphs. Throughout the pieces of prose, both authors utilize rhetorical strategies in an attempt to stress the same claim on the reader, that prejudice is unjust and distracts from humanity’s ability to mitigate. The reader can identify an instance of this strategy through Angelou’s profound utilization of extended metaphors and†¦show more content†¦I peeked at Jem: his hands were white from gripping the balcony rail, and his shoulders jerked as if each ‘guilty’ was a separate stab between them† (Lee 282). This quote is criti cal in gaining an understanding of Lee’s claim on prejudice; by accentuating the ideals of children, Lee can provide a reader with a comprehension that children are naà ¯ve to prejudice when perceiving the issue in the real world. This issue furthermore exemplifies the notion that children have not become desensitized to prejudice which provides a reason for why adults do not perceive in similarity. The reader can then take away this lesson from Lee’s novel and make a connection to Angelou and her prose on how discrimination affects society and in what ways humanity should attempt to improve upon the issue. In â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning,† the reader can identify this lesson through the metaphorical river, â€Å"Yet, today I call you to my riverside if you will study war no more. Come, clad in peace, and I will sing the songs† (Angelou). Through this metaphor, the author states that all the cruelty of humanity can become washed away with a single attempt at achieving peace; if all of society agrees to acknowledge this issue and devote time into amelioration, then prejudice could become eliminated. In addition to the Angelou’s and Lee’s claims on the unethical aspects of prejudice, both authors make statements regarding theShow MoreRelatedOn the Pulse of Morning, by Maya Angelou Essay787 Words   |  4 Pagesautobiographer and speakers† (scholar Joanne M. Braxton). She is known for her speeches, poems, and books, but what stood out to me the most was her 1993 inauguration speech when Bill Clinton was sworn into the White House. Ironically, in her poem â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning† Maya Angelou uses clear rhetoric, prehistoric metaphoric images, and inspirational concepts to alert her audience to treat the world differently. Born on April 4th, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri, Dr. Angelou was raised in St. Louis and StampsRead MoreHigh Shcool675 Words   |  3 PagesBiddle ENG 102 07 February 2014 Essay 1: Diversity Diversity  is integral to excellence. We value and honor diverse experiences and perspectives, strive to create welcoming and respectful learning environments, and promote access, opportunity and justice for all. Mayas writings have a way of embracing people and successfully state her thoughts and emotions. Pulse is a call for hope and opportunity part of our history. Maya Angelous poem On the Pulse of Morning relates to diversity, change overRead MoreMaya Angelou : An Amazing Woman1155 Words   |  5 Pagesperformer, singer, and civil rights activist. 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Music contains all their history. May be for someone music is justRead MoreCharacter Aspects Of Physical Appearance903 Words   |  4 Pagesclear distain, except for when it is against people with obesity. She also adds, â€Å"The worst discrimination I have suffered because of my gender is nothing compared to what I experienced daily because of my weight† (177). Furthermore, she concludes the essay by asserting, â€Å"†¦the tacit acceptance of their conduct by mainstream America tells the fat person that the intolerance is understandable and acceptable† (178). For me, most people who make fun of obese people do so, not because they want to hurt someoneRead More The Theme Of Fire And Ice In Frankenstein1243 Words   |  5 Pagesitself† (Griffin 49). Ice is the antithesis to fire - while fire is life and change, ice is repression and death. The theme of fire and ice is commonly found in literature, often used to compare and contrast certain elements of written works. In the essay, â€Å"Fire and Ice in Frankenstein†, Andrew Griffin analyzes the components of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein that contribute to the omnipresent theme of fire and ice in the text. Griffin provides many examples of the recurrent theme found in other worksRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Richard Cory974 Words   |  4 Pagesmarvelous saying, â€Å"Never judge a book by its cover.† This essay is the epitome of that saying. Richard Cory is a very wealthy, handsome, ladies’ man, and what I would call a â€Å"fashionista.† Everyone in the town thinks he has it all until one day Richard Cory goes home and commits suicide. The women lo ves him. They become very excited when he says good morning. According to the poem it says, â€Å"But still he fluttered pulses when he said/ good morning, and he glittered when he walked† (Robinson lines 7- 8)Read MoreAnalysis Of Stone Soup By Barbara Kingsolver959 Words   |  4 Pages American novelist, Barbara Kingsolver, in her excerpt, â€Å"Stone Soup†, taken from, High Tide in Tucson: Essays from Now or Never, recounts the outrageous view that society has on divorced families/homes. Kingsolver’s purpose is to impress upon readers that it is okay for families to stem away from the traditional, â€Å"Dad, Mom, Sis, Junior†, family. She creates a persuasive tone in order to get rid of stereotypes and judgments of marital issues held by her readers and society. Through the effective use

Hamlet, By William Shakespeare - 1053 Words

William Shakespeare’s ravishing play Hamlet was performed at the Elgin and Winter Garden Theatre on November 18th, 2014. To recap what went on in the play: Claudius had killed Hamlet’s father, the King of Denmark. Hamlet’s mother Gertrude then married Claudius two months after the death of her husband’s murder, but she did not know. The guards of the castle saw the ghost of Hamlet’s father. Hamlet was told by his father’s ghost that he was killed by Claudius, and that is when Hamlet lost it. The King and Queen thought that Hamlet went crazy because of his love for Ophelia. They tested his opinion of her by putting them in a room together. After he was mean to her, Claudius, his uncle knows the only reason Hamlet could be mad was because he knew Claudius killed his father. Ophelia on the other hand went crazy and ended up drowning herself because Hamlet said he didn’t love her. Her brother Laertes blamed Hamlet for Ophelia’s deat h and challenged him to a duel. At the fight, Claudius planted poison in a glass of wine and on the tip of the swords because he wanted to kill Hamlet. Gertrude, the Queen, drank the wine by mistake and died. Hamlet and Laertes both stabbed one another with the poisoned swords and both died, but before dying, Hamlet killed the king. To start off, every character portrays their feeling in a distinct way, but one character stood out of the many and that was Ophelia. Ophelia in the movie does not show personality. She shows childlike behaviour,Show MoreRelatedHamlet, By William Shakespeare880 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is praised as the pioneering English poet and playwright whose collection of theatrical works is regarded as the greatest artistic value throughout the history of English literature. Shakespeare delved into the spiritual and mental component of humanity and the consequences that arise from this human spirit when it is disputed. The most famous revenge trag edy play, Hamlet, is an excellent illustration of Shakespeare’s philosophical study of human nature. In Hamlet, the arguableRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare899 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, author of Hamlet, was a well-known author in the 1500s and is still popular today. He was born on April 24, 1564 in London, England. Although there were no birth records at that time, it shows he was baptized one year prior to that, which leads us to believe his birthday was in 1564 because children were normally baptized a year after their birth. Shakespeare’s writing style was very different than others at that time. He used many metaphors and rhetorical phrases, and most ofRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare996 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, written by William Shakespeare, with out a doubt holds the most famous soliloquy in English history spoken by Hamlet in Act III, scene i, lines 57-90. This soliloquy holds much importance to the play as a whole because it ties together the reoccurring themes of suicide and Hamlet’s inaction portrayed by Shakespeare. Hamlet poses a problem, which is the driving force of the play: â€Å"To be or not to be?†(III.i.57). Shakespeare uses this logical question asked by Hamlet to drive out his underlyingRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pages In William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, the protagonist suffers from struggles with major characters, especially with the women in his life. While reading the play Hamlet, Hamlet appears to be a disillusioned man. Throughout the play, Shakespeare has only casted two females: Gertrude and Ophelia. Gertrude is defined to be incestuous, naà ¯ve and cold-hearted. On the other side, Ophelia is characterized to be ignorant, innocent and fearful. After the quick marriage of his mother and evil uncle, Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1308 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet is arguably one of the greatest tragedies in all of literature and when most people think of tragic plays, they think of none other than the one who wrote it, William Shakespeare. This classic story of revenge excites it’s readers with its main character, Prince Hamlet, who goes through the unique human-like process of revenge that is often overlooked. Many other stories rely heavily on the logi c of good people doing good things and bad people doing bad things just for the sake of their natureRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet by William Shakespeare explores many aspects of mankind--death, betrayal, love, and mourning. Out of these, the most prominent theme in this play is death in the form of suicide. The main character, Hamlet, finds himself questioning the quality of life and the uncertainty of the afterlife once he discovers news of his father s death and the corruption in the kingdom that follows. Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover, is found dead later in the plot and is presumed to have committed suicide. In Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1146 Words   |  5 PagesA character so complex, enticing and fascinating, his name is Hamlet. We are all Hamlet, and that, is the argument. Hamlet is an enigmatic character with many flaws. These flaws are the ones that prove similarities between us and him. A play so popular and significant is due to its huge relevance to us as a society. In the play Hamlet, William Shakespeare uses Hamlet’s character and metaphor to demonstrate that when one is left alone to their thoughts, these thoughts overtake reason. ConsequentlyRead MoreHamlet by William Shakespeare1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, takes place in a time where the impossible was a part of the lives of everyday people. Occurrences that people in the modern time would believe unbelievable. Yet, with just a quill and parchment Shakespeare’s is able to connect the past and present by weaving a plot with skill that is still unparalleled to this day. The play Hamlet this exceeds this expectation by revealing depth of Hamlets, the protagonists, character personality through the useRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1920 Words   |  8 PagesIn the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the character Hamlet must deal with both external and internal conflict. Hamlet encounters many struggles and has trouble finding a way to deal with them. With so many corrupt people in his life, Hamlet feels as if there is no one that he can trust and begins to isolate himself from others. A result from this isolation leads Hamlet to become melancholy. Hamlet struggles with suicidal thoughts, wants to kill King Claudius, and is distraught over his mother’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare846 Words   |  4 Pagesalways been a contemplative topic. In Hamlet, the main character Hamlet thinks to himself about suicide. Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet between 1599 and 1602. William Shakespeare is one of the greatest playwrights in history. Hamlet is about Prince Hamlet of Denmark who is trying to find out about the death of his father after his father s ‘ghost’ comes to him telling him it was his uncle who had killed him. While Hamlet contemplates suicide he gives his famous

Reading the TV free essay sample

I have always been fond of saying that I â€Å"read†, rather than â€Å"watch†, TV. I do not read the TV in the most literal sense; I do not require closed captioning, nor am I a karaoke aficionado. My TV literacy, in fact, is carried out in another platform entirely. This medium is print, in the form of a periodical known as Entertainment Weekly. Cringe-worthy acronym aside, EW became to me an instant source of delight from the moment I laid my eyes on the cover of my first glossy issue, one that featured the four femmes of Sex and the City in white dresses and neon â€Å"statement heels.† At the time I was in middle school, and I’m not sure how this publication, especially this particular issue, managed to infiltrate my PG-rated household. Perhaps it was a free trial offer, divine intervention, or the mailman punishing my parents for something but after the first issue, I was hooked. We will write a custom essay sample on Reading the TV or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page EW was chock-full of lists, interviews, features, and reviews of movies, TV, music, and books; some of which I was familiar with, but all of which my middle schooler brain devoured with zeal. Despite my naivete, I soon understood that the content of EW was far superior to the celebrity drivel of your typical waiting room tabloid. I came to this understanding not because I read publications similar to EW and compared their content, but because I quickly realized that Entertainment Weekly, along with Rolling Stone, was one of only two sources of movie review blurbs that advertisers felt comfortable attributing in an intelligible font size. EW not only introduced me to the concept of ethos, but became my education in â€Å"the industry.† I learned art history when reading about the special edition DVD release of Alfred Hitchcock’s most celebrated films, investigated the economics of Steven Spielberg’s cinemapocalyptic prediction that movie ticket prices would soon rival Broadway’s, and studied the sociology of NBC’s ratings triumph in the coveted 18-49 demographic after a nine-year lag. The magazine also taught me, quite literally, how to think critically. The seemingly nitpicky film reviews of critic-in-chief Owen Gleiberman, whose cultured cinematic tastes were so bafflingly opposite of, and totally anathema to, my kitschy pre-teen ones, forced me to broaden my film going horizons. My TV-reading only became commonplace when I began the academic, extracurricular, and social whirlwind of high school, when, involved in a variety of new pursuits, I found it difficult to keep up with my favorite TV shows most of which, by no coincidence, were favorites of EW as well. To compensate, I read each issue’s entire TV review section, and doing so provided me with an unprecedented ability to relate. Now I not only experienced the limited number of shows I preferred, but all of those covered. I soon found that I was able to participate in TV-centric conversations with people of ages, backgrounds, genders, and TV preferences different from my own. I chatted with my guy friends about Breaking Bad over chemistry homework, debated with my 75-year-old grandmother as to whether or not The Bachelor was scripted, and discussed with my babysit-ees the wacky premise of Ant Farm, as well as the manner in which a poorly cast Vice Principal can make or break a Disney sitcom (a s tatement with which, to this day, I wholeheartedly agree). High school becomes exponentially busier each year, and I’m now a senior whose subscription to EW has long since expired. Through my interactions with a variety of viewers, the TV reading that Entertainment Weekly allowed me to undertake revealed to me a merit of media that is often overlooked in our uber-connected world, a quality drowned out by claims of society’s technological attachment and subsequent dehumanization. Communication has the power to connect us, to participate in vibrant and innovative ways in that time-honored human tradition of storytelling.

The Correlation Between Personal Responsibility and College Success Essay Example

The Correlation Between Personal Responsibility and College Success Essay The correlation between personal responsibility and college success Roland Miner GEN/200 November 30, 2012 Sara Martin The correlation between personal responsibility and college success Even though some may say there is no direct correlation between personal responsibility and college success, the relationship with how responsible you are and how that affects your college success becomes evident with higher Grade Point Averages and overall pride in your work. With these tools, high GPA, intrinsic motivation, and self-efficacy, you receive during your college years there is evidence of achieving greater success after graduation. Another vital tool that will be explored, that is not being taught but comes naturally to some students, is emotional intelligence or common sense. The relationship between how responsible you are and your college success is apparent in many ways. A good strategy is to follow the syllabus and set up a game plan or schedule. Following an agenda will help you spread out your work load over the week, it will show that you are on the right track and is a great indicator of how responsible you are. One of the worst traits that many people possess is procrastination. According to â€Å"California Polytechnic State University, Cal Poly Academic Skill Center† (n. d. ) â€Å"The procrastinator is often remarkably optimistic about his ability to complete a task on a tight deadline; this is usually accompanied by expressions of reassurance that everything is under control. (Therefore there is no need to start. )† â€Å"At some point, he crosses over an imaginary starting time and suddenly realizes, â€Å"Oh no! – I am not in control! There isn’t enough time! (Characteristics) The University states, later in their paper, the benefits of overcoming procrastination â€Å"Peace of mind, a feeling of strength and purpose, and healthy feeling of being in charge of your life. While procrastination makes you feel week, useless, and helpless, taking charge of your life will make you feel strong, competent, and capable. You will experience increased personal free dom! † (Benefits of overcoming procrastination) A responsible person will not wait until the day the paper is due to write it. The final day should be set up for proof eading and any last minute tweaks. As any responsible person will tell you, following a schedule and turning your work in on time and producing higher grades will bring you an overabundance of self-pride other wise know as intrinsic motivation, and self-efficacy. Spitzer found that (2000) â€Å"Academic self-efficacy is one’s confidence to succeed at the academic tasks rather than one’s actual ability. Students with high self-efficacy show greater cognitive effort, intrinsic motivation, persistence, and self regulation in their academic performance. The pride you feel knowing that you did the best job you could in the time you were allotted. This very same drive to internal satisfaction that will continue not just throughout your college years but will stay with you in all that you do. Intrinsic m otivation and self-efficacy are not the only rewards you will gain. By taking your time and producing outstanding work you will see a substantial increase in your Grade Point Average which is also your defining mark of greatness in college and beyond. â€Å"All college students share at least two goals during their college career. We will write a custom essay sample on The Correlation Between Personal Responsibility and College Success specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Correlation Between Personal Responsibility and College Success specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Correlation Between Personal Responsibility and College Success specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer First, they must perform academically, usually measured by GPA (grade point average). Second, they must progress in career development. † (Spitzer, 2000) Your GPA will stay with you throughout your college career and is important to keep track of and strive for higher marks. It is after you graduate that your higher achievements will continue to count. Many employers will take you GPA into consideration when looking for new employees. The job you are applying for may come down to you and one other person and something like a GPA could loose you that career. It will help distinguish you from others applying for positions that you desire. Your high Grade Point Average will set you apart from mediocrity. A final important asset to consider is emotional intelligence. According to a study conducted by Sparkman, Maulding, and Roberts (2012) â€Å"Emotional Intelligence is the set of skills that a Pearson needs to function effectively in the world and what might be referred to as â€Å"common sense† (p. 644). Their study with EI, although very new and controversial, points to ow well an individual will â€Å"handle frustration, control emotions, and get along with other people† (p. 644). There is a wildly popular television show that is currently broadcasting which shows a group of twenty to thirty something year old nerds trying to function in the typical day to day environment. They are depicted in what we would call normal day to day functions and interactions and shown how even though they are the Einstein’s of our ti me they fail miserable on a social level. One of the nerds in particular lacks the emotional intelligence to even function with his own fellow intellectuals. Studying this comedic group flounder their way through life is a perfect, all be it extreme, example of Sparkman, Maulding, and Roberts points on how important common sense is a must to function in today’s society. They even go so far as to suggest that â€Å"Universities wishing to increase student retention and graduation should use these scores to develop curriculum and extracurricular activities to encourage student growth in emotional intelligence which will specifically help students and institutions alike reach their educational goals† (p. 50). To be a successful student there are many tools for you to use, intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, GPA, and even emotional intelligence, just to name a few. Each student will have to find what tool it will take to enhance their achievements. There are those they may disagree, they may say that being responsible has no correlation to a successful college education. They may even say that your Grade Point Average has no im pact on landing a stable career. Zupek (2008) â€Å"While grades and GPA play a small role in the job-search process, the good news is that chances are, your GPA is not going to make or break you when it comes to getting a job† (what matters the most? ). With this economy and in these times why run that risk? Why would you not want to give your all? With a higher Grade Point Averages and a greater sense of self-pride there is no end to what you can accomplish. References California Polytechnic State University, Cal Poly Academic Skills Center. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://sas. calpoly. edu/asc/ssl/procrastination. html Sparkman, L. A. , Maulding, W. S. , Roberts, J. G. (2012). Non-cognitive predictors of student success in college. College Student Journal, 46(3), 642-652. Retrieved from University of Phoenix Online Library Spitzer, T. M. (2000). Predictors of college success: a comparison of traditional and nontraditional age students. NASPA Journal (National Association Of Student Personnel Administrators, Inc. ), 38(1), 82-99. Zupek, R. (2008) Does your gpa matter to employers? Retrieved from http://msn. careerbuilder. com/Article/MSN-1577-College-Internships-First-Jobs-Does-Your-GPA-Matter-to-Employers/

Medicine in Ancient Egypt Essays

Medicine in Ancient Egypt Essays Medicine in Ancient Egypt Paper Medicine in Ancient Egypt Paper Essay Topic: Burial Rites Love Medicine People sometimes say that the ancient Egyptian civilization endured without much change for more than three thousand years. This is only partially true because, in fact, Egyptian ways of life, philosophy, religion, language, and art changed considerably over time. However, the ancient Egyptian culture retained its identity and general character to a remarkable degree over the course of its history: a situation due in part to Egypt’s favorable and secure location. Essentially a river oasis, the country was bordered by deserts to the west and east, by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, and by the first cataract of the Nile at Aswan in the south. Situated in the northeastern corner of Africa, Egypt was a center for trade routes to and from western Asia, the Mediterranean, and central Africa. Ancient Egyptian medicine is the medicine that was commonly practiced in Ancient Egypt from circa 3300BC until Persian invasion of 525 BC. The medicine was highly advanced for the time and included surgery, setting of bones and extensive set of Pharmacopoeia. Remedies were sometimes characterized by magical incantations and dubious ingredients, often had a rational basis. Medical texts specified specific steps of examination, diagnosis, prognosis and treatments that were rational and appropriate. The practices of Egyptian physicians ranged from embalming, to faith healing to surgery, and autopsy. There was no separation of Physician, Priest and Magician in Egypt. Healing was an art that was addressed on many levels during ancient Egyptian period Modern medicine owes much to the Ancient Egyptians. Historians divide the history of Ancient Egypt ancient Egypt into: Prehistory (up to ca. 3100 B. C. ), the Archaic Period (ca. 3100- 2650 B. C. ) the Old Kingdom (ca. 2650-2150 B. C. ), the Middle Kingdom (ca. 2040-1640 B. C. ), the New Kingdom (ca. 1550-1070 B. C. ), the Late Period (ca. 712-332 B. C. ), and the Ptolemaic (Hellenistic) and Roman Periods (332 B. C. -A. D. 395). The main sources of information about ancient Egyptian medicine were writings from antiquity until 19th century as in Odyssey (800B. C), observations recorded by Greek historian Herodotus (440BC), writings of Pliny the Elder. The father of modern medicine Hippocrates (ca 460BC-370BC), Herophilos (ca335-280 BC) Erasistratus (ca 310 BC-250BC, who founded a school of anatomy) and Galen studied at the temple of Amenhotep and acknoledged the contribution of ancient Egyptian medicine to Greek medicine. Much of what we now know of Egyptian medicine and the work of the physicians come from a variety of medical documents written by physician-priests. These documents, known as papyrus are the first known records of medical practice. The various papyrus documents that have been recovered and translated show us that the Egyptians had developed an understanding of medicine. The evidence provided by these early medical training manuals is quite remarkable. They show quite clearly that the Egyptians had identified and developed cures for a wide range of diseases, many of which cures are still in use today. Such was the extent of Egyptian knowledge that there are records of over 800 medical procedures and remedies making use of over 600 drugs and a vast array of surgical tools. A few papyri have survived, from which we can learn about Egyptian medicine: The Edwin Smith Papyrus describing surgical diagnosis and treatments: opens with eight texts concerning head wounds, followed by nineteen treatments of wounds to the face, six descriptions of how to deal with injuries to throat and neck, five dealing with collar-bones and Ancient Egypt arms, and seven with chest complaints. Some important notions concerning the nervous system originated with the Egyptians, a word for brain is used here for the first time in any written language: â€Å"the membrane enveloping his brain, so that it breaks open his fluid in the interior of his head† (The Edwin Smith papyrus, case6). Acting conservatively, they knew how to treat injuries to the brain without killing the patient, but on the whole their understanding of the brain and its functions was superficial: they considered thinking to be a function of the heart. Their dissection of bodies during mummification seems not to have added greatly to their knowledge of the inner workings of the human body, possibly because mummifiers and physicians did not move in the same circles. The Ebers Papyrus on ophthalmology, diseases of the digestive system, the head, the skin and specific maladies like aAa, which some think may have been a precursor of AIDS and others consider to have been a disease of the urinary tract. Kahun Gynecological Papyrus, the Berlin Medical papyrus, the London Medical Papyrus, the Hearst medical papyrus and the Demotic magical Papyrus of London and Leiden: contains a number of spells for treating physical ailments, also give extensive information about the medicine during ancient Egypt. The cause of diseases, Anatomy, Physiology and practices The human body was believed to be born in a healthy state, and could not fall ill or die except through the influence of a foreign agent. In case of wounds or intestinal worms, that agent was visible and the treatment prescribed was hence rational. As they were not aware of microbiology, internal diseases were thought to be due to an occult force attributed to evil gods, a divine punishment or magical procedures. The physician was obliged to neutralize this evil Ancient Egypt before turning into actual treatment. The use of Autopsy came through the extensive embalming practices of the Egyptians, as it was not unlikely for an embalmer to examine the body for a cause of the illness which killed it. The use of surgery also evolved from a knowledge of the basic anatomy and embalming practices of the Egyptians. From such careful observations made by the early medical practitioners of Egypt, healing practices began to center upon both the religious rituals and the lives of the ancient Egyptians. The prescription for a healthy life, which was always given by a member of the priestly caste, meant that an individual undertook the stringent and regular purification rituals, and maintained their dietary restrictions against raw fish and other animals considered unclean to eat. In addition to a purified lifestyle, it was not uncommon for the Egyptians to undergo dream analysis to find a cure or cause for illness, as well as to ask for a priest to aid them with magic, this example obviously portrays that religious magical rites and purificatory rites were intertwined in the healing process as well as in creating a proper lifestyle. The practice of medicine was fairly advanced in Ancient Egypt, with Egyptian physicians having a wide and excellent reputation. Sovereigns from foreign lands have frequently appealed to pharaohs to send them their physicians. A wall painting in a Thebean grave of the 18th dynasty (1400 BC) depicts â€Å"Nebamun†, scribe and physician of the king, receiving a Syrian prince paying him for his services in gifts. According to Herodotus, King Cyrus of Persia has requested Amasis (Ahmose II of the 26th dynasty, 560 BC) to send him the most skilful of all the Egyptian eye-doctors. Egyptian physicians recognized the heart as the source of blood vessels. They were aware that the blood vessels were hollow, having a mouth which opens to absorb medications, Ancient Egypt eliminate waste elements, distribute air and body secretions and excretions, in confusion between blood vessels and other passages, as ureters. The physiology of blood circulation was demonstrated in the Edwin Smith Papyrus, together with its relation to the heart, as well as awareness of the importance of the pulse. They also knew that blood supply runs from the heart to all organs of the body. â€Å"There are vessels in him for every part of the body†. â€Å"It speaks forth in the vessels of every body part† (Edwin Smith Papyrus) However, their inability to distinguish between blood vessels, nerves, tendons and channels has limited their full understanding of the physiology of circulation. The diseases: The common cold plagued the ancient Egyptians as it still does us today, and their remedy, the milk of a mother who has given birth to a boy, was probably as effective as anything we have got today. Insect, especially scorpion bites or snake bites, both very frequent in Egypt, were treated by magicians, as there appears to have been no specific balm or ointment used, and as we have records of many spells, written on papyri and magical charms devoted to these two occurrences. Bilharziasis (schistosomiasis) a common disease in a country flooded for months every year a common cause of anemia, female infertility, a debilitating loss of resistance to other diseases and subsequent death. The Ebers Papyrus addresses some of the symptoms of the disease and in two columns discusses treatment and prevention of bleeding in the urinal tract (haematuria). The Hearst Papyrus cites antimony disulfide as a remedy. Insect borne diseases like malaria and trachoma were endemic; plagues spread along the trade routes and a number of yadet renpet epidemics reported in Egyptian documents are thought by some to Ancient Egypt have been outbreaks of bubonic plague. Smallpox, measles, and cholera were easily propagated in the relatively densely populated Nile valley, where practically the whole population lived within a narrow strip of land. Silicosis of the lungs, the result of breathing in airborne sand particles, was a frequent cause of death, as was pneumonia. The various kinds of malignant tumors were almost as frequent then as they are nowadays in comparable age and gender groups. Eye infections are a common complaint in Africa. In ancient Egypt they were at least in part prevented by the application of bactericidal eye paint. The ingredients of some of the remedies may not have been as difficult to come by in a civilization where the brain was removed in little bits from the skull during mummification as it would be in a modern western country. ‘Prescription for the eye, to be used for all diseases which occur in this organ: Human brain, divide into its two halves, mix one half with honey, smear on the eye in the evening, dry the other half, mash, sift, smear on the eye in the morning’(Ebers Papyrus). Open wounds were often treated with honey. But sometimes lockjaw set in. When a tetanus infection was recognized, physicians knew they were powerless against this affliction. Dietary Deficiencies: A restricted diet caused or aggravated a number of ailments; some with fatal outcome . There were times when malnutrition was widespread. Growth of the population was therefore often stunted. Because of vitamin and other deficiencies, dental abrasion, and bad mouth hygiene, caries and abscesses were the lot of many. Herbal medicines: Herbs played a major part in Egyptian medicine. The plant medicines mentioned in the Ebers papyrus include opium, cannabis, myrrh, frankincense, fennel, cassia, Ancient Egypt senna, thyme, henna, juniper, aloe, linseed and castor oil. Cloves of garlic have been found in Egyptian burial sites. Egyptians thought garlic and onions aided endurance, and consumed large quantities of them. Raw garlic was routinely given to asthmatics and to those suffering with bronchial-pulmonary complaints. Coriander (C. Sativum) was considered to have cooling, stimulant, carminative and digestive properties. Cumin (Cumin cyminum) is an umbelliferous herb indigenous to Egypt. The seeds were considered to be a stimulant and effective against flatulence. Cumin powder mixed with some wheat flour as a binder and a little water was applied to relieve the pain of any aching or arthritic joints. Tape worms, the snakes in the belly, were dealt with by an infusion of pomegranate root in water, which was strained and drunk. Ulcers were treated with yeast, as were stomach ailments. Some of the medicines were made from plant materials imported from abroad. Mandrake, introduced from Canaan and grown locally since the New Kingdom, was thought to be an aphrodisiac and, mixed with alcohol, induced unconsciousness. Oil of fir, an antiseptic, originated in the Levant. The Persian henna was grown in Egypt since the Middle Kingdom, and if identical with henu mentioned in the Ebers Papyrus was used against hair loss. They treated catarrh with aloe which came from eastern Africa. Frankincense, containing tetrahydrocannabinol and used like hashish as pain killer, was imported from Punt. Animal products and minerals were used too. Honey and grease formed part of many wound treatments, mothers milk was occasionally given against viral diseases like the common cold, fresh meat laid on open wounds and sprains, and animal dung was thought to be effective at times. Malachite used as an eye-liner also had therapeutic value. In a country where eye Ancient Egypt infections were endemic, the effects of its germicidal qualities were appreciated even if the reasons for its effectiveness were not understood. Pregnancy and childbirth: Fertility was important to the Egyptians and the Kahun Gynecological Papyrus includes a number of tests for it. At the same time there seems to have existed the need for planning pregnancies. Silphium grown in Cyrene was famous for many medical qualities, including its contraceptive properties. They also devised the first known pregnancy test: Means for knowing if a woman will give birth or will not give birth: (Put) some barley and some wheat (into two bags of cloth) which the woman will moisten with her urine every day, equally barley and grain in the two bags. If both the barley and the wheat sprout she will give birth. If (only) the barley germinates it will be a boy, if it is the wheat which alone germinates it will be a girl. If neither germinates she will not give birth (Berlin papyrus 3. 038) The Ebers papyrus mentions two remedies which cause all to come out which is in the stomach of a woman, possibly referring to inducing a miscarriage. Birth itself was dangerous both to the mother and the baby. Infant mortality was high, probably around 30 percent, and complications and child bed fever killed many women. Surgery: At Saqqara there is the tomb of Ankh-Mahor, known as The Tomb of the Physician. In one of the wall pictures two men are having their extremities treated variously explained as manicure, massage or surgery. Another picture shows the performance of a circumcision of adolescents (the only instance of a depiction of this procedure) with the hieroglyphs saying The ointment is used to make it acceptable, which has been interpreted as meaning that a local Ancient Egypt anesthetic was being used, though this reading is, as happens often in such inscriptions, doubtful. Poppies are occasionally mentioned in Egyptian medical literature and the physicians had a pretty good idea of their properties. Boys destined for priesthood were circumcised as part of the initial ritual cleansing, which also included the shaving of the whole body. The practice of circumcision became more universal during the Late Period, perhaps as part of a rite of passage. Prostheses and cosmetics: Prostheses were generally of a cosmetic character, such as an artificial toe made of cartonnage at the British Museum, or added as a preparation for afterlife such as a forearm on a mummy in Arlington Museum (England) and an artificial penis and feet on another mummy in the Manchester Museum . Wooden big toe prosthesis has also been found in a fifty to sixty year old woman, after her big toe had been amputated, possibly because of gangrene. A glass eye with a white eyeball and a black pupil, but lacking an iris, was probably inserted into the empty eye socket of a mummy rather than used by a living person. Physicians performed other cosmetic tasks as well. Apart from prescribing lotions, salves and unguents for skin care, they also produced remedies against the loss of hair and graying, which was combated by an ointment made with blood from the horn of a black bull. Hair loss was hoped to be stopped by a mixture of honey and fats from crocodiles, lions, hippos, cats, snakes, and ibex. Dentistry: As their diet included much abrasive material (sand and small stone particles from grinding the corn) the teeth of the ancient Egyptians were generally in a very poor state. Caries and the destruction of the enamel caused the loss of teeth at an early age and often killed as well. Caries were sometimes treated by fillings made of resin and chrysocolla, a greenish mineral containing copper. Swollen gums were treated with a concoction of cumin, incense and Ancient Egypt onion. Opium might be given against severe pain. At times holes were drilled into the jawbone in order to drain abscesses. But extraction of teeth, which might have saved the lives of many a patient, was rarely if ever practiced. The profession of dental physician seems to have existed since the early third millennium: Hesi-re is the first known Doctor of the Tooth. Physicians: The ancient Egyptian word for doctor is swnw. Hesi-re was the earliest recorded physician and the lady Peseshet (2400BC) may be the first recorded female doctor. Most famous of the Egyptian physicians is Imhotep, who is also renowned for his role as a Pyramid designer. Imhotep used a variety of methods to heal patients but based much of their practice upon religious belief. It was common for different priests to act as physicians for different parts of the body, in much the same way that doctors specialize now, as they believed that different gods governed different sectors of the human body. Medical institutions were known to have established in ancient Egypt since as early as the 1st dynasty (3100- 2600BC) and by 19th dynasty (1550-1070 BC) their employees enjoyed benefits like medical insurance, pensions and sick leave and they worked 8hours a day. Magic and religion: Magic and religion were part of everyday life in ancient Egypt and Gods and demons were thought to be responsible for many illness. So often the treatments involved a supernatural element: the first attempt was an appeal to a deity. Priests and magicians were called on to treat the disease instead or in addition to a physician. Physicians often used incantations and magical ingredients as a part of the treatment and many medicines apparently lacked active ingredients. The wider spread use belief in magic and religion may have contributed to a powerful placebo effect. The impact of the magic is seen in the selection of remedies or ingredients for them. Depiction of a medical kit: 1) knives, 2) drill, 3) saw, 4) forceps or pincers, 5) censer, 6) hooks, 70 bags tied with string,(8, 10) beaked vessel, 11) vase with burning incense, 12) Horus eyes, 13) scales, 14) pot with flowers of Upper and Lowed Egypt, 15) pot on pedestal, 16) graduated cubit or papyrus scroll with out side knot ( or a case holding reed scalpels), 17) shears, 18) spoons. Conclusion: The people of Ancient Egypt made several major medical discoveries and began treating diseases in a physical manner alongside older spiritual cures. Though much of the advancement in medical knowledge and practice was a side effect of religious ceremonies the effect on public health and knowledge of the human body was tremendous. Fuelled by a desire to enter the afterlife Egyptian knowledge of the workings of the body encompassed new areas of medicine ranging from a basic understanding of anatomy to the introduction of some surgical skills. Ancient Egypt References: 1. Allen, Thomas George ;1936, Egyptian Stelae, Field Museum of Natural History: Anthropological Series; Vol. XXIV, No. 1, Chicago 2. Breasted, J. H. (1906) Ancient Records of Egypt 3. Breasted, J. H. (1930) The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (University of Chicago Press: University of Chicago,) 4. Brian Brown (ed. ) (1923); The Wisdom of the Egyptians. New York: Brentanos 5. Buikstra, J. E. ; Baker, B. J. ; Cook, D. C. (1993) What Disease Plagues the Ancient Egyptians? A Century of Controversy Considered, In Biological Anthropology and the Study of Ancient Egypt (eds. ) W,V. Davies and R. Walter (British Museum Press: London,) 6. Hurry, Jamieson, B. (1926) ; Imhotep, Oxford University Press 7. Nunn, J. F. (1996) Ancient Egyptian Medicine (University of Oklahoma Press: Norman,) 8. Sandison, A. T. ( 1980) Diseases in Ancient Egypt, in Mummies, Disease, and Ancient Cultures (eds. ) Aiden and Eve Cockburn (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 9. Sameh M. Arab, MDMEDICINE IN ANCIENT EGYPT 10. Scarre, Christopher; Fagan, M. Brian; 1997, Ancient Civilizations, Longman 11. mic. ki. se/Egypt. html 12. http://nefertiti. iwebland. com/timelines/topics/medicine. htm

Conflict Resolution - Mediation 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Conflict Resolution - Mediation 2 - Essay Example Unlike arbitrators, the mediator has no legal authority of imposing any decision rules but relies on persuasion in order to reach an agreement to the dispute. The process involves confidential meetings with the participants where the mediator has no liberty to reveal what the participant said during the meeting without the express consent of the participant. The mediation process involves key steps which include the opening statement at the meetings, education phase, options (alternatives) generation phase, negotiation phase and closing phase (Billikopf 1). The opening statement involves setting the rules of engagement like confidentiality requirements and ground rules of approaching the negotiation phase. The education phase of the mediation phase entails setting the perspectives of the dispute, the key needs of each disputant and feelings of each party to the dispute. At this stage, the disputants are required to relive themselves of any negative feelings towards each other and con fidently state their desired outcome towards the dispute. The alternatives seeking stage involves brainstorming and searching for the viable alternatives of ending the dispute. The negotiation parties explore the alternatives of ending the dispute at the negotiation stage while the final stage includes closing the dispute with the most viable and mutually agreed solution of settlement (Billikopf 2). Transformative dispute mediation style involves an opportunity for moral growth and empowerment of the parties to the dispute. The mediator will encourage the debate to the conflict and direct the process while adhering to the ground rules set by the parties. Problem solving mediation sees the conflict as a short term situation that needs a solution whereby the mediator acts as an expert in finding the solutions to the settlement. The mediator can adopt a party controlled approach whereby discussions include broad questions and allowing emotions or an evaluative approach whereby emotions are limited and have authority to direct the discussions. Some principles to mediation include openness, balanced approach, resourcefulness, inspiration and tactfulness in approaching the mediation process. The mediator should remain impartial and neutral during the mediation process while disclosing any potential instances that may cause conflicts of interest. The mediator should build confidence to the process by showing his confidence and trust which is demonstrated by his or her ability to smile, listen, remain tactful and build cordial relationships with all the disputants. The mediator should undertake the responsibility of ensuring no potential instances that contribute to conflict of interest which can jeopardize his impartiality and neutrality to the mediation process. Emotions such as anger, sadness and shame should be avoided during the mediation process since they may result to defensiveness or criticism during the mediation process. During a party-mediated process, the mediator should conduct the mediation process in a manner which ensures competence and mutual respect to all the disputants. Some levels of resolution which are critical include the end to behavioral fighting, settlement of conflict issues, eliminating the emotional tensions and reconciliation of the outstanding disputes between the disputants. Party directed mediation is mainly useful when poor communication, and personality conflicts exist which threaten the ongoing interpersonal relations. The purpose of

MGMT 436 U5 DB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MGMT 436 U5 DB - Research Paper Example Which of the 4 change projects should the consulting group suggest helping the company design and develop? Which function can the company OD do better (as primary lead consultant) than an external group? The consulting group should suggest a change project which would assist the company in generating the most profits within the minimum cost. As such, the company OD, who has access to pertinent information, which is privy to an external group, would enable them to function better. Generate ideas about how you can move toward making the leadership team more independent. What would you have to see happen or what evidence would you look for to see that you can terminate your relationship with the team without any damage being done? To make the leadership team become more independent, the following suggestions are proposed: (1) assign a team leader who would be tasked to solicit ideas, comments, suggestions to undertake a particular project or task; (2) delegate roles and responsibilities of members; (3) monitor progress of the project regularly; and (4) only elevate crucial issues that cannot be resolved by the team to authorized superiors. As such, when the team is able to operate and perform independently and has been able to consistently deliver the expected outcome or defined goals, then, one could terminate the relationship with the team without any damage being done. Provide your thoughts about with which projects the consulting group should be involved. You know you could help with them all, but what is ethical? How much money and time can you, as consultants, lose or make based on this decision? What should drive the decision process? The projects that the consulting group should be involved are those that have never been undertaken by any teams within the organization. This means that the project should be new, complex or not within the traditional area of specialization of the organization. It is therefore ethical to

Stem Barks of Bauhinia Acuminata | Analysis

Stem Barks of Bauhinia Acuminata | Analysis Materials and Methods Plant collection The stem barks of Bauhinia acuminata L. were collected from Rajshahi university campus, Bangladesh, in the month of September, 2013. The plant was authenticated by a taxonomist of Department of Botany, University of Rajshahi. A voucher specimen (Voucher No. MN-13) was deposited to the herbarium in the Department of Botany, University of Rajshahi. The stem barks were then washed separately with fresh water to remove dirty materials and were shade dried for several days with occasional sun drying. The dried barks were then ground into coarse powder by grinding machine and the materials were stored in dark at room temperature for future use. Extract preparation The extraction was performed according to method described by Alam el al. (Alam et al., 2002). About 400 gm of dried powdered stem bark were taken in an amber colored reagent bottle (2.5-liter capacity) and the materials were soaked in 2.0 liter of 100% methanol. The bottle with its contents were sealed and kept for a period of about 7 days with occasional shaking and stirring. The whole mixture was then filtered through cotton and then through Whatman No.1 filters paper and were concentrated with a rotary evaporator (Bibby Sterlin Ltd, UK) under reduced pressure at 45ÂÂ °C temperature to afford crude extract of the bark. The crude extract was mixed with 90% methanol in water to obtain a slurry of satisfactory volume of 100ml. The slurry was taken in a separating funnel and added equal amount of different partitioning solvent sequentially as like n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and finally water. The funnel was shaken vigorously and allowed to stand for a few minutes for sep aration of the compounds according to their partition co-efficient and thus extracts were prepared for the experiment purpose. The process was repeated three times. At last, the different fractionated parts were evaporated using rotary evaporator at 400C to obtain n-hexane fraction (NHF, 1.12 gm), chloroform fraction (CHF, 1.33 gm), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF, 2.27 gm) and aqueous fraction (AQF, 8.86 gm) respectively. Chemicals 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), potassium ferricyanide, catechin (CA), ferrous ammonium sulphate, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), gallic acid (GA), ascorbic acid (AA), AlCl3, trichloro acetic acid (TCA), sodium phosphate, sodium nitrate, ammonium molybdate, 2-deoxy ribose, sodium hydroxide, EDTA and FeCl3 were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA); potassium acetate, phosphate buffer, thiobarbituric acid(TBA),ÂÂ   HCl, H2SO4, H2O2were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, vinblastine sulphate (VBS) from Cipla India, folin-ciocalteuss phenol reagent and sodium carbonate were obtained from Merck (Dam-stadt, Germany). Determination of total phenolics Total phenolic contents in the extracts were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method described by Singleton et al. (Slinkard Singleton, 1977). 40 ÂÂ µl of the extract/fractions (250ÂÂ µg/ml) were taken in test tubes and to each 3.16 ml of water was added to make up the volume 3.2ml. 200 ÂÂ µl of folin-Ciocalteu (Undiluted) reagent solution was added into the test tubes and kept for 5-8min. 600 ÂÂ µl of sodium carbonate (20%) solution was added into the test tubes and shake to mix. The test tubes were incubated for 2 hours at 20ËÅ ¡C to complete the reaction. Then the absorbance of the solution was measured at 765 nm using a spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, USA) against blank solution. A typical blank solution contains all reagents except plant extract or standard solution. Standard Gallic acid solutions (50-250ÃŽÂ ¼g /ml) concentrations were also treated as above. The total content of phenolic compounds in plant methanol extract and in different fractions wa s expressed as Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/gm of dry extract in respect to standard gallic acid curve equation (y = 0.0008x 0.005, RÂÂ ² = 0.975). Determination of total flavonoids Total flavonoids were estimated using aluminum chloride colorimetric assay described by Zhishen et al. (Zhishen, Mengcheng, Jianming, 1999). To 0.5 ml of samples/standard, 150 ÂÂ µl of 5% sodium nitrate and 2.5 ml of distilled water were added. After 5 min, 0.3 ml of 10% AlCl3 was added. At 6 min, 1 ml of 0.001M NaOH and 0.55 ml distilled water was added to the mixture and left at RT for 15 min.ÂÂ   Absorbance of the mixtures was measured at 510 nm. Total flavonoid contents were expressed in terms of catechin equivalent, CAE /gm of dry extract in respect to standard curve equation (y = 0.0178x+0.0524, RÂÂ ² = 0.9862). Determination of free radical scavenging activity DPPH radical scavenging activity Free radical scavenging ability of the extracts was tested by DPPH radical scavenging assay (DRSA) as described by Braca et al. (Braca et al., 2001). Aliquots of 2.5mL of methanolic solution containing sample at different concentration was mixed with 2.5 ml of 0.008% DPPH solution in methanol. The reaction mixture was vortexed thoroughly and left in the dark at room temperature for 30 minutes. The absorbance of the mixture was measured spectrophotometrically at 517 nm. Ascorbic acid was used as reference. Percentage DPPH radical scavenging activity (% DRSA) was calculated by the following equation, % DRSA = (A0-A1/A0) x 100 Where, A0 = Absorbance of control and A1 = Absorbance of sample. IC50 values denote the concentration of sample required to scavenge 50% DPPH free radicals. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of extract was assessed by the method described by Zhang et al. (Zhang He). Aliquot of 1.0 ml of 0.1mmol/L H2O2 and 1.0 ml of various concentrations of extracts were mixed. Followed by 2 drops of 3% ammonium molybdate, 10 ml of 2M H2SO4 and 7.0 ml of 1.8 mol/L KI. The mixed solution was titrated with 5.09mmol/L Na2S2O3 until yellow color disappeared. The extent of scavenging of hydrogen peroxide was calculated as: % scavenging of hydrogen peroxide = [(V0-V1) / V0] ÃÆ'- 100 Where, V0 = Volume of Na2S2O3 solution used to titrate the control sample in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (without sample), V1 = Volume of Na2S2O3 solution used in the presence of samples. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA) of the extracts was determined by the method of Halliwell et al. (Halliwell, Gutteridge, Aruoma, 1987) with a slight modification. 100 ÂÂ µl of various concentrations of extracts were mixed with 100 ÂÂ µl of hydrogen peroxide (10mmol/L). To this 200 ÂÂ µl premixed FeCl3 (100mmol/L) and EDTA (100mmol/L) solution (1:1;v/v) was added. Followed by addition of 500 ÂÂ µl of 2.8mmol/L 2-deoxyribose in phosphate buffer (PH7.4) and finally the reaction was triggered by adding 100 ÂÂ µl ascorbate (300mmol/L).ÂÂ   Then the reaction mixture was incubated at 37.5ËÅ ¡C for 1 hour. To the above reaction mixture 2 ml of TCA (2.8% w/v aqueous solution) and 2 ml of TBA (1% w/v aqueous solution) was added. The final reaction mixture was heated for 15min in boiling water bath, cooled and absorbance was taken at 532nm using a spectrophotometer. The hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity was evaluated with the inhibition percentage of 2-deoxyribose oxidation on hydroxyl radicals. The percentage of hydroxyl radical scavenging (%HRSA) activity was calculated according to the following formula: % HRSA = [A0 (A1-A2] ÃÆ'-100/A0 where A0 is the absorbance of the control without a sample. A1 is the absorbance after adding the sample and 2-deoxyribose. A2 is the absorbance of the sample without 2-deoxyribose. REFERENCES Alam, A., Rahman, M., Baki, M., Rashid, M., Bhuyan, M., Sadik, G. (2002). Antidiarrhoeal principle of Achyranthes ferruginea Roxb. and their cytotoxicity. Ban Pharm J, 12, 1-4. Braca, A., De Tommasi, N., Di Bari, L., Pizza, C., Politi, M., Morelli, I. (2001). Antioxidant Principles from Bauhinia tarapotensis. Journal of Natural Products, 64(7), 892-895. doi:10.1021/np0100845 Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J. M., Aruoma, O. I. (1987). The deoxyribose method: a simple test-tube assay for determination of rate constants for reactions of hydroxyl radicals. Anal Biochem, 165(1), 215-219. Slinkard, K., Singleton, V. L. (1977). Total Phenol Analysis: Automation and Comparison with Manual Methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 28(1), 49-55. Zhang, X., He, F. Science Press; Beijing, China: 2000. Principle of Chemical Analysis, 275-276. Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food chemistry, 64(4), 555-559.

Indifference to War in Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front Essay

Indifference to War in Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front In Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front, characters such as Paul and his friends become indifferent to shocking elements of war through constant exposure to them. For example, the characters are unconcerned about the dangers of the front because they are accustomed to being on the front. In another instance, Paul’s friends show no emotions when they witness snipers killing enemy soldiers. Also, Kat finds the unusual effects of mortar shells amusing. These examples prove that through war, characters of the book have become indifferent to things that they would normally find shocking. Many characters on the front are indifferent to the dangers of the front. They are not concerned about near death e...

Visual Merchandising

Visual Merchandising: Visual Merchandising is very important because the first impression of the product or store on the customer is by visualizing. If the impression is positive then customers attract to the store. A store must have the inviting appearance to the customers. Objectives of Visual Merchandising: Objective of visual merchandise is to attract the customers to your business in order to sell the merchandise. The main objective is to make the customers feel comfortable and eager to buy. Essential of Visual Merchandising: * Interior Floor  Design  and Display. * Space and Signage. * Window Display. Tools Use for Visual Merchandising: Audio-Visual Displays. * Decoration and Props. * Signage and Graphics. The presentation in visual merchandising falls into two categories mainly: 1. Exterior Presentations. 2. Interior Presentations. Exterior Presentations: The outlook of a store is a major determinant for a customer. Good exterior presentation attracts attention, creates in terest and invites the customer into business. It involves exterior signs, banners and window display. Exterior Signs: A store sign is its â€Å"signature† which tells the customers that what type of the business and what it sells. In less than 10sec the sign must attract attention.Banners: Banners are used to sales promotion. It should be very colorful and eye catching. Window Display: Some products should be placed on a store’s window. Window display should attract attention, create interest and invite people into the store to purchase goods. New displays indicate new up-to-date merchandise is available. Interior Presentations: Another way of the merchandising is through interior display that effectively show merchandise to the customers. The purpose of doing this is to develop interest for the merchandise. It involves color theme and images, lighting, props and fixtures. Researchers found that 64. % of all purchase decision was made inside a store. Three goals of st ore are- 1. Motivate the customers to spend money 2. Protect the image of the store 3. Keep expenses to minimum Color and Lighting: Color in a display can catch eye and make people pause and look. The overall color combination can affect the atmosphere of a store. Lighting is essential in calling attention to merchandise in a display. Customer’s eye is drawn automatically to the brightest area. Props and Fixtures: A display prop is not for sale, it is just used with a product in a display to clarify the function of the product being sold.Merchandise and Fixture Display Recommendations: Goods can be effectively displayed on a variety of fixtures such as tables, cubes, racks and other display cases. Movable shelves from all sides used in self-service retail stores to display merchandise. They can be lined up in stores as grocery or hardware stores. Errors Commonly Occurring in Display: * Too much merchandise * Too little merchandise * Too many props * Poorly selected props * Di splay changed to seldom * Limited or no display budget * Lack of attention to detail

Ap Gov Unit 3 - 1006 Words

What important purposes are served by the right to amend the Constitution guaranteed by Article V? Evaluate James Madison’s claim in Federalist 43 that the Constitution â€Å"guards equally against the extreme facility which would render the Constitution too mutable, and that extreme difficulty which might perpetuate its discovered faults.† Some critics of the amending process contend that amendments, once proposed, should be submitted to popular vote, bypassing state legislatures. Do you agree or disagree? Why? P1. According to professor Douglas Linder, the delegates assembled in Philadelphia were under no illusions that the constitutional scheme they were struggling to establish was perfect for present circumstances, much less perfect†¦show more content†¦According to John Locke, the government derives its power from the people. Choosing to bypass state legislatures and resorting to state conventions forces people to participate in government and have a direct say in laws that affect them. The creation of the constitution is intended to uphold the concept behind limited government and promote civic virtue. P.7 With the end of the Civil War and the 14th Amendment’s creation of a national citizenship, the Court has found that most of the rights recognized in the Bill of Rights apply to state constitutions through the due process clause. Beginning in the 1920s and most recently in 2011 the Court has used this amendment to amend state constitutions through a process that Ma dison most likely could not have envisioned in 1787. P.8 Since 1789, members of Congress have proposed over 10,000 amendments. Only 33 have passed through Congress, and of those only 27 have been ratified by the states. 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